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An emulsion holding grains of photosensitive chemical compounds called
silver halides is spread over a film or other material. Light coming
through the camera lens from an object being photographed strikes certain
areas of the film, rendering the silver halide grains in those areas
unstable. This creates an invisible, or latent, image of the
object on the film. The areas of the latent image that receive
the most light contain the largest number of unstable grains. Upon development
they become the darkest areas of the visible image. Conversely, areas
that receive little light form the bright parts of the visible image.
- encyclopedia.com
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